How does cannabis affect bipolar disorder?

A few days ago, one of the most influential newspapers in Spain published an article entitled“Cannabis can trigger bipolar disorder“, in which Dr. Eduard Vieta, head of psychiatry at the Hospital Clínic, warns about the risks of cannabis use. L’affirmation du titre a eu un impact, surtout parmi ceux qui cherchent des alternatives dans le monde du cannabis, comme le CBD.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings, ranging from episodes of euphoria to periods of deep depression. Given the growing popularity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the medical and recreational use of marijuana, many people with bipolar disorder are wondering how these cannabinoids might affect them. Here is an overview of the scientific research on the relationship between CBD and THC use in bipolar disorder, highlighting potential risks and areas of uncertainty.

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric condition that causes mood swings that can interfere with work, relationships and daily activities. Il en existe deux types principaux :

  • Bipolar I disorder: characterised by at least one episode of mania, usually accompanied by depressive episodes.
  • Bipolar II disorder: characterised by recurrent depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (a less severe form of mania).

Environ 2,4 % de la population mondiale souffre de cette maladie (1). Le traitement comprend généralement des stabilisateurs de l’humeur (tels que le lithium ou le valproate), des antipsychotiques et une thérapie psychosociale.

Any substance that affects the brain, including marijuana, can complicate treatment and potentially aggravate the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Comment le cannabis agit-il sur le cerveau ?

Le cannabis contient de nombreux cannabinoïdes, dont les plus connus sont le THC (tétrahydrocannabinol) et le CBD (cannabidiol). Le THC produit l’effet “high” ou psychoactif, tandis que d’autres cannabinoïdes, comme le CBD, n’ont que peu ou pas d’effets psychoactifs.

Vaping H4CBD HHC THC
La consommation fréquente de THC chez les jeunes pourrait augmenter le risque d’altération de la chimie du cerveau

Les cannabinoïdes tels que le THC ayant des effets sur le cerveau, il est important de noter que plus la personne qui consomme fréquemment ou massivement de la marijuana est jeune, plus elle est susceptible de subir des altérations de la chimie du cerveau (2). Cela est dû en grande partie aux effets du THC sur le cerveau.

Le tétrahydrocannabinol (THC) est le principal composé psychoactif de la marijuana. Le THC agit sur le système endocannabinoïde, qui joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’humeur, du sommeil et de la réponse au stress. Cependant, une consommation fréquente peut perturber cet équilibre, en particulier chez les jeunes dont le cerveau est encore en développement.

La teneur en THC de la marijuana a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies, passant d’environ 4 % à 35 % en moins de 30 ans. Cette augmentation de la puissance du cannabis amplifie les risques associés à sa consommation aujourd’hui.

Des variétés de cannabis sans THC, CBD, dont la teneur en THC est inférieure à 0,2 %sont désormais disponibles. En fait, certaines personnes utilisent le CBD pour arrêter les joints.

Cannabis use in bipolar disorder

Several studies show that people with bipolar disorder may use cannabis more frequently than the general population. Cette tendance s’explique notamment par l’automédication pour atténuer les symptômes d’anxiété ou d’insomnie, la coexistence d’autres troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances et certaines prédispositions génétiques ou environnementales (3).

Bien que certaines personnes affirment que le cannabis soulage les symptômes anxieux ou dépressifs, les preuves scientifiques de son efficacité restent limitées et parfois contradictoires.

Potential risks of marijuana use in bipolar disorder

L’une des conclusions les plus constantes de la littérature est que la consommation de marijuana peut aggraver les symptômes maniaques ou hypomaniaques (3). Tout le monde ne réagit pas de la même manière, mais une consommation fréquente ou importante a été associée à une plus grande probabilité de prolonger ou de déclencher des épisodes maniaques, d’accroître l’impulsivité et de favoriser les comportements à risque (2).

Bien qu’il ait été observé que la marijuana pouvait aggraver la manie, certaines personnes font état d’un soulagement à court terme des symptômes dépressifs. Toutefois, ces expériences sont largement subjectives et ne sont pas étayées par des études cliniques concluantes. In addition, self-medication with marijuana in bipolar disorder can be dangerous, and a mental health professional should always be consulted.

¿El consumo de marihuana causa trastorno bipolar?

Hasta el momento, no se ha comprobado que el consumo de marihuana sea la causa directa del trastorno bipolar. No obstante, en personas predispuestas a trastornos del estado de ánimo, el consumo frecuente de marihuana podría desencadenar el primer episodio bipolar. Una revisión científica señala que quienes consumen marihuana de manera habitual tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar el trastorno bipolar por primera vez, lo que sugiere que la marihuana podría actuar como factor desencadenante en individuos vulnerables (2). Además, el uso intenso y prolongado de marihuana se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de psicosis en individuos propensos a presentar este tipo de síntomas (4), aunque no todas las personas con trastorno bipolar que consumen marihuana desarrollarán psicosis.

¿El CBD causa trastorno bipolar?

No, no hay evidencia científica que indique que el CBD cause trastorno bipolar. De hecho, algunos estudios sugieren que podría tener potenciales beneficios, aunque su uso en el trastorno bipolar aún requiere más investigación.

CBD in bipolar disorder

Contrairement au THC, le CBD n’est pas psychoactif et a suscité l’intérêt de la recherche médicale pour ses propriétés anxiolytiques, anti-inflammatoires et neuroprotectrices potentielles. Some preliminary studies suggest that high doses of CBD may help treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. En outre, son effet antipsychotique potentiel dans des conditions telles que la schizophrénie a été étudié.

While there is no evidence that CBD worsens bipolar disorder, studies are still limited, and more clinical trials are needed to determine its effectiveness and safety as part of treatment.

Details: Scientific studies on CBD and bipolar disorder

Des études préliminaires suggèrent que le CBD pourrait avoir des effets anxiolytiques, anti-inflammatoires et neuroprotecteurs. However, scientific evidence for its direct efficacy in bipolar disorder is limited (5). Some researchers have raised the possibility that high doses of CBD (more than 300 mg per day) may help bipolar depression, but there is a lack of robust clinical trials to confirm this (6).

CBD has also been studied for its possible antipsychotic properties in schizophrenia (7), a disorder that sometimes shares features with bipolar mania. Although these findings are not directly applicable to bipolar disorder, they suggest that CBD may have some utility in controlling psychotic symptoms in manic episodes. Nevertheless, no clear negative effects of CBD in bipolar disorder have been reported, although definitive data are still lacking.

Clinical implications of cannabis in bipolar disorder

Health professionals should routinely ask about cannabis use in people with bipolar disorder, as it may affect the course of the illness. Les patients et leur famille doivent également être informés des risques associés à la consommation de substances psychoactives telles que la marijuana, en particulier de son association avec les rechutes maniaques et les troubles cognitifs.

Although it has been suggested that CBD may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression (6), more research is needed. In the meantime, it is essential that people with bipolar disorder avoid self-medication without medical supervision, as it may unbalance mood and complicate established treatment.

Conclusion

Scientific evidence suggests that marijuana use may pose risks for those with bipolar disorder, including an increased risk of manic episodes, possible impairment of cognitive function, and treatment complications. Bien que certains utilisateurs fassent état d’un soulagement temporaire de la dépression, ces données ne sont pas étayées par des preuves cliniques solides. Dans le cas spécifique du CBD, des essais cliniques de plus grande envergure sont nécessaires pour déterminer avec précision ses avantages et ses risques dans le cadre de ce trouble.

Note : Cet article est informatif et non prescriptif et n’est pas destiné à prévenir, diagnostiquer ou traiter une maladie. Son contenu peut compléter, mais ne doit jamais remplacer, le diagnostic ou le traitement d’une maladie ou d’un symptôme. If you or someone close to you is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder or you are considering changes in your treatment (including the use of cannabis), consult a health professional. Les produits Cannactiva ne sont pas des médicaments et sont destinés à un usage externe. De nouvelles données scientifiques pertinentes peuvent être disponibles depuis la date de publication. Consultez votre médecin avant d’utiliser le CBD. Les conseils thérapeutiques doivent être personnalisés et dépendent d’une évaluation professionnelle.

Références et informations complémentaires
  1. Zhong, Y., Chen, Y., Su, X., Wang, M., Li, Q., Shao, Z. et Sun, L. (2024). Global, regional and national burdens of bipolar disorders in adolescents and young adults: a trend analysis from 1990 to 2019. General psychiatry, 37(1), e101255. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2023-101255
  2. Maggu, G., Choudhary, S., Jaishy, R., Chaudhury, S., Saldanha, D. et Borasi, M. (2023). Cannabis use and its relationship with bipolar disorder : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Industrial psychiatry journal, 32(2), 202-214. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_43_23
  3. Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K., George, T. P. et Rehm, J. (2013). Bipolar disorder and co-occurring cannabis use disorders : characteristics, co-morbidities and clinical correlates. Psychiatry research, 209(3), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.014
  4. Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., Rodriguez, V., Jongsma, H. E., Ferraro, L., La Cascia, C., La Barbera, D., Tarricone, I., Berardi, D., Szöke, A., Arango, C., Tortelli, A., Velthorst, E., Bernardo, M., Del-Ben, C. M., Menezes, P. R., … EU-GEI WP2 Group (2019). La contribution de la consommation de cannabis à la variation de l’incidence des troubles psychotiques en Europe (EU-GEI) : une étude cas-témoins multicentrique. La lancette. Psychiatrie, 6(5), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3
  5. Khan, R., Naveed, S., Mian, N., Fida, A., Raafey, M. A. et Aedma, K. K. (2020). The therapeutic role of Cannabidiol in mental health : a systematic review (Le rôle thérapeutique du cannabidiol dans la santé mentale : une revue systématique). Journal of cannabis research, 2(1), 2. https://doi. org/10.1186/s42238-019-0012-y
  6. Pinto, J. V., Crippa, J. A. S., Ceresér, K. M., Vianna-Sulzbach, M. F., Silveira Júnior, É. M., Santana da Rosa, G., Testa da Silva, M. G., Hizo, G. H., Simão Medeiros, L., Santana de Oliveira, C. E., Bristot, G., Campos, A. C., Guimarães, F. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., Yatham, L. N., Kapczinski, F., & Kauer-Sant’Anna, M. (2024). Cannabidiol as an Adjunctive Treatment for Acute Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study: Le cannabidiol comme traitement d’appointment de la dépression bipolaire aiguë : une étude pilote. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie69(4), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231209650
  7. Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M. et Koethe, D. (2012). Le cannabidiol améliore la signalisation de l’anandamide et atténue les symptômes psychotiques de la schizophrénie. Translational psychiatry, 2(3), e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15

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How does cannabis affect bipolar disorder?

A few days ago, one of the newspapers with the greatest impact in Spain published an article entitled “Cannabis can trigger bipolar disorder“, in which Dr. Eduard Vieta, head of psychiatry at Hospital Clínic, warns about the risks of cannabis consumption. The headline’s statement has generated impact, especially among those seeking alternatives within the world of cannabis, such as CBD.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from episodes of euphoria to periods of deep depression. Given the growing popularity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the medical and recreational use of marijuana, many people with bipolar disorder are wondering how these cannabinoids might affect them. Here’s an overview of the scientific research on the relationship between CBD and THC use in bipolar disorder, highlighting potential risks and areas of uncertainty.

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric condition that causes abrupt mood swings that can interfere with work, relationships and daily activities. There are two main types:

  • Bipolar I disorder: characterized by at least one episode of mania, usually accompanied by depressive episodes.
  • Bipolar II disorder: characterized by recurrent depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (a less severe form of mania).

Approximately 2.4% of the world’s population lives with this condition (1). Treatment usually includes mood stabilizers (such as lithium or valproate), antipsychotics and psychosocial therapy.

Any substance that affects the brain, including marijuana, can complicate treatment and potentially aggravate the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

How does cannabis act in the brain?

Cannabis contains numerous cannabinoids, the best known being THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). THC produces the “high” or psychoactive effect, while other cannabinoids, such as CBD, have minor or no psychoactive effects.

Vapear H4CBD HHC THC
Frequent THC use in young people may increase risk of altered brain chemistry

Because cannabinoids such as THC have their effects on the brain, it is important to note that the younger the person who uses marijuana frequently or heavily, the greater their vulnerability to experiencing alterations in brain chemistry may be (2). This is due, in large part, to the effects of THC on the brain.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive compound in marijuana. THC acts on the endocannabinoid system, which plays a key role in regulating mood, sleep and stress response. However, frequent use can disrupt this balance, especially in young people whose brains are still developing.

The THC content of marijuana has increased significantly in recent decades, rising from approximately 4% to as much as 35% THC in less than 30 years. This increase in the potency of cannabis amplifies the risks associated with its use today.

There are now THC-free cannabis strains, CBD, with a THC content of less than 0.2%. In fact, some people use CBD to quit joints.

Cannabis use in bipolar disorder

Several studies show that people with bipolar disorder may use cannabis more frequently than the general population. Reasons for this tendency include self-medication to mitigate symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, the coexistence of other substance use disorders, and certain genetic or environmental predispositions (3).

Although some people claim that cannabis relieves anxiety or depressive symptoms, scientific evidence on its efficacy remains limited and sometimes contradictory.

Potential risks of marijuana use in bipolar disorder.

One of the most consistent findings in the literature is that marijuana use can worsen manic or hypomanic symptoms (3). Not everyone reacts the same, but frequent or heavy use has been linked to a greater likelihood of prolonging or triggering manic episodes, increasing impulsivity, and promoting risky behaviors (2).

Although it has been observed that marijuana may aggravate mania, some people report short-term relief of their depressive symptoms. However, these experiences are largely subjective and are not supported by conclusive clinical studies. In addition, self-medication with marijuana in bipolar disorder can be dangerous, and a mental health professional should always be consulted.

¿El consumo de marihuana causa trastorno bipolar?

Hasta el momento, no se ha comprobado que el consumo de marihuana sea la causa directa del trastorno bipolar. No obstante, en personas predispuestas a trastornos del estado de ánimo, el consumo frecuente de marihuana podría desencadenar el primer episodio bipolar. Una revisión científica señala que quienes consumen marihuana de manera habitual tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar el trastorno bipolar por primera vez, lo que sugiere que la marihuana podría actuar como factor desencadenante en individuos vulnerables (2). Además, el uso intenso y prolongado de marihuana se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de psicosis en individuos propensos a presentar este tipo de síntomas (4), aunque no todas las personas con trastorno bipolar que consumen marihuana desarrollarán psicosis.

¿El CBD causa trastorno bipolar?

No, no hay evidencia científica que indique que el CBD cause trastorno bipolar. De hecho, algunos estudios sugieren que podría tener potenciales beneficios, aunque su uso en el trastorno bipolar aún requiere más investigación.

CBD in bipolar disorder

Unlike THC, CBD is non-psychoactive and has attracted medical research interest for its potential anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Some preliminary studies suggest that high doses of CBD may help treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. In addition, its potential antipsychotic effect has been investigated in diseases such as schizophrenia.

While there is no evidence that CBD worsens bipolar disorder, studies are still limited, and more clinical trials are needed to determine its effectiveness and safety as part of treatment.

Details: Scientific Studies on CBD and Bipolar Disorder

Preliminary studies suggest that CBD may have anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, scientific evidence on its direct efficacy in bipolar disorder is limited (5). Some researchers have raised the possibility that high doses of CBD (more than 300 mg per day) may help in bipolar depression, but clinical trials that solidly confirm this are lacking (6).

CBD has also been studied for its possible antipsychotic properties in schizophrenia (7), a disorder that sometimes shares features with bipolar mania. Although these findings are not directly applicable to bipolar disorder, they suggest that CBD may have some utility in controlling psychotic symptoms in manic episodes. Despite this, no clear negative effects of CBD in bipolar disorder have been described, although definitive data are still lacking.

Clinical implications of cannabis in bipolar disorder

Health professionals should routinely ask about cannabis use in people with bipolar disorder, as it could affect the course of the illness. Likewise, both patients and their families should be aware of the risks associated with the use of psychoactive substances such as marijuana, especially because of its relationship with manic relapses and cognitive impairment.

Although it has been suggested that CBD may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression (6), more research is needed. In the meantime, it is critical that people with bipolar disorder avoid self-medication without medical supervision, as it may unbalance mood and complicate established treatment.

Conclusion

Scientific evidence indicates that marijuana use may present risks for those with bipolar disorder, including increased risk of manic episodes, possible impairment of cognitive function, and treatment complications. Although some users report temporary relief from depression, these data do not have strong clinical support. In the specific case of CBD, larger clinical trials are required to accurately determine its benefits and risks in this disorder.

Note: This is an informative article with no prescriptive character, it is not intended to prevent, diagnose or treat any disease. Its content can complement, but should never replace, the diagnosis or treatment of any disease or symptom. If you or someone close to you is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder or are considering changes in your treatment (including the use of cannabis), consult with a health care professional. Cannactiva products are not medicines and are intended for external use. There may be new relevant scientific evidence since the date of publication. Consult with your physician before using CBD. Therapeutic advice should be personalized and depends on professional assessment.

References and further information
  1. Zhong, Y., Chen, Y., Su, X., Wang, M., Li, Q., Shao, Z., & Sun, L. (2024). Global, regional and national burdens of bipolar disorders in adolescents and young adults: a trend analysis from 1990 to 2019. General psychiatry, 37(1), e101255 . https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2023-101255.
  2. Maggu, G., Choudhary, S., Jaishy, R., Chaudhury, S., Saldanha, D., & Borasi, M. (2023). Cannabis use and its relationship with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Industrial psychiatry journal, 32(2), 202-214 . https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_43_23.
  3. Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K., George, T. P., & Rehm, J. (2013). Bipolar disorder and co-occurring cannabis use disorders: characteristics, co-morbidities and clinical correlates. Psychiatry research, 209(3), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.014
  4. Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., Rodriguez, V., Jongsma, H. E., Ferraro, L., La Cascia, C., La Barbera, D., Tarricone, I., Berardi, D., Szöke, A., Arango, C., Tortelli, A., Velthorst, E., Bernardo, M., Del-Ben, C. M., Menezes, P. R., … EU-GEI WP2 Group (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The lancet. Psychiatry, 6(5), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3
  5. Khan, R., Naveed, S., Mian, N., Fida, A., Raafey, M. A., & Aedma, K. K. (2020). The therapeutic role of Cannabidiol in mental health: a systematic review. Journal of cannabis research, 2(1), 2. https://doi. org/10.1186/s42238-019-0012-y
  6. Pinto, J. V., Crippa, J. A. S., Ceresér, K. M., Vianna-Sulzbach, M. F., Silveira Júnior, É. M., Santana da Rosa, G., Testa da Silva, M. G., Hizo, G. H., Simão Medeiros, L., Santana de Oliveira, C. E., Bristot, G., Campos, A. C., Guimarães, F. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., Yatham, L. N., Kapczinski, F., & Kauer-Sant’Anna, M. (2024). Cannabidiol as an Adjunctive Treatment for Acute Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study: Le cannabidiol comme traitement d’appointment de la dépression bipolaire aiguë : une étude pilote. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 69(4), 242-251 . https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231209650.
  7. Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational psychiatry, 2(3), e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15

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